4th Law Of Newtonian Motion

4^th Law Of Newtonian Motion

Summary: Description of Newtonian Mechanics is incomplete without description of 4^th Law of Newtonian Motion and hence the same has been defined.

Until widespread recognition of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity in on November 7, 1919 it was generally believed that Newtonian mechanics was sufficient to explain Natural Phenomena. The headlines in London Times on Nov 7, 1919 were: “Revolution in Science. Newtonian Ideas Overthrown.” Newtonian Mechanics begins with assumption of existence of a body in motion with no forces acting upon it. However, it has not been generally appreciated that there can’t be a body in Newtonian Motion upon which forces of one or the other kind are not acting. These forces, in the least, invariably lead to decay or dissipation of energy. Hence the need to define another law of Newtonian Motion which states as under:-

“Newtonian Motion is invariably associated with dissipation of Energy”

This statement is designated as 4^th Law of Newtonian Motion.

4^th Law of Newtonian Motion recognizes that Newtonian Mechanics is not a comprehensive description of phenomenon of motion. There are not only unrecognized aspects of Newtonian Motion but there also exist Non- Newtonian motions such as Perpetual Motion, Rheopaxy, Thixotropy etc. These non- Newtonian motions have not been clearly differentiated against Newtonian Motion.

Natural phenomena leading to formulation of 4^th Law of Newtonian Motion are well recognized such as friction, viscous drag, entropy etc. and need no further elaboration. However the distinction between Perpetual Motion and Newtonian Motion needs to be clearly understood as the former is the kind of motion responsible for large scale structuring of universe. Please read author’s article about Perpetual Motion.

Gas molecules within a Hydrogen gas cylinder being perpetually in Brownian motion travel at a root mean square speed of 6624 Km/hr but do not suffer any dissipation of their energy but the moment they are made to move along a pressure gradient by letting them through a small opening, despite travelling at much smaller speed, Newtonian motion comes into play and is associated with well known cooling effect due to dissipation of energy. This phenomenon is the basis of all refrigeration devices. Hence one can clearly notice distinction between Perpetual Motion and Newtonian Motion.

Effects of 4^th Law of Newtonian Motion on theoretical physics:-

1.     Newtonian motion is not a comprehensive description of phenomena of motion.

2.     Statements of Newton’s laws suffer from inherent contradiction, being valid only if there is no decay of energy whereas Newtonian motion is inherently associated with decay of energy.

3.     The concepts such as absolute rest, absolute frame of reference and absolute space are naturally invalid.

4.     Newtonian Mechanics should not be taken as anything more than a scheme for computation of some of the motions we commonly see around us.

5.     Newtonian mechanics alone shall never provide us comprehensive explanation of natural phenomena.

An interesting consequence of 4^th Law of Newtonian Motion in nature is in maintenance of surface temperature of Earth and may be other celestial bodies.  Winds and sea waves are important means for Earth to dissipate the energy it ordinarily receives from Sun, in order to keep its surface temperature. Accumulation of large amount of energy, Earth ordinarily receives from sun shall otherwise lead to global warming and elimination of all life on Earth. May be that without efficient dissipation of energy Earth ordinarily receives from Sun; origin of life on Earth would have been impossible.

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Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.  22^nd Chapter of the book is about NEWTONIAN MECHANICS.

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Is It Possible To Scientifically Explain Star Fixations

Summary: Existence of Fixed Stars was well known to ancient astronomers. Physicists have built the entire edifice of laws of physics upon notion of Fixed Stars despite the fact that the notion suffered a setback in 1718 with discovery of proper motion of Fixed Stars. However to explain the phenomena on the basis of known laws of science is just not possible and so the phenomena continues to be as mysterious as ever.

Night sky looks the same, viewed from any location on Earth.

Stars form patterns known as Asterisms consisting of groups of two or more stars.  Member stars of an asterism bear constant spatial relationship to each other despite being physically unrelated.

Asterisms further constitute defined areas of celestial sphere known as Constellations.

North Pole star Polaris is always aligned to North Pole of Earth and is used to determine latitude and longitude of a place in Northern hemisphere. Likewise South Pole star - Polaris Australis bears a constant spatial relationship to South Pole of earth. North Pole star despite bearing a constant spatial relationship to North Pole does not occur at a specific point in space, it rather occupies the spatial locus defined by precession cycle of Earth’s axis which takes place in a span of 25,772 years. During the cycle actual pole star keeps changing. For example presently, Polaris is the North Pole star but in 3000 CE Gamma Cephei is expected to be North Pole star and in 5200CE Iota Cephei will assume the title.

Ancient astronomers referred to all these stars as Fixed Stars, since they were unable to observe their motion in relation to a geographical locus. However in 1718 Edmund Halley announced his discovery that Fixed Stars are not fixed but have proper motion. The Fixed Star with largest known proper motion is Barnard’s star. Besides Fixed Stars ancient astronomers also defined wandering stars which were seen to move and change their position in the manner of Sun and Moon. They change their position within a band of stars known as Zodiac.

Notion of Fixed Stars even though no longer valid has impacted physicists in a profound way.

In Newton's time the fixed stars were invoked as a reference frame supposedly at rest relative to absolute space. In other reference frames either at rest with respect to the fixed stars or in uniform translation relative to these stars, Newton's laws of motion were supposed to hold. In contrast, in frames accelerating with respect to the fixed stars, in particular frames rotating relative to the fixed stars, the laws of motion did not hold in their simplest form, but had to be supplemented by the addition of fictitious forces, for example, theCoriolis force and the centrifugal force.

 In formulating Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, Einstein believed that inertial property of rigid bodies to move along straight lines in accordance with Newton’s first law of Mechanics was due to influence of fixed stars. This was also in accordance with Mach’s Principle which says “Local physical laws are determined by large scale structure of the universe”.

But all the above discussion raises the question of demonstrable connection between Fixed Stars and rigid bodies on earth forcing them to move along a straight line until and unless acted upon by an external force. Unfortunately, no such connection has been demonstrated so far.

Irony of the situation is that notion of fixed stars upon which rest the entire edifice of Newtonian Mechanics, Einstein’s theory of Relativity, Mach’s Principle etc. in itself was found to be incorrect as early as 1718 by Edmund Halley. So, laws of physics stand on a shaky foundation. Hence, there does not arise any question of laws of physics explaining star fixations.

It is quite amazing that two or more celestial bodies apparently having independent motion, having no demonstrable physical connection maintain relative position to each other. Not only this, even actual celestial bodies change from time to time while keeping relative positions all the time. Presently, there are no known scientific laws that can explain the phenomena. Rather, scientists have been misled by the phenomena.

Clearly nature is mysterious much beyond our imagination and presently it is not possible to explain all the known scientific facts on the basis of known natural laws.

Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null. Several chapters of the book are devoted to physics.

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